Friday 4 August 2017

Spasial Moving Average Gis


Ditambahkan aplikasi Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS). Integrasi penuh GDAL, sebuah perpustakaan yang menawarkan akses ke banyak format raster ILWIS mendukung tabel Postgres dan peta titik dan segmen Postgis melalui akses asli dari database Postgis. Implementasi pertama telah dilakukan untuk mengakses sumber data ini. Ini akan diperpanjang di masa depan Ekstensi dan peningkatan fungsionalitas SEBS. Antarmuka pengguna untuk Impor telah diperbaiki untuk mendukung model plug-in untuk impor. Mereka sekarang sebagian besar mengikuti model plug-in (beberapa yang lama dikecualikan). Impor baru bisa ditambah tanpa mengubah ILWIS. Model plug-in telah diperluas untuk mencakup plug-in yang tersimpan dalam file zip yang memerlukan struktur folder mereka sendiri untuk mengatur fungsionalitas mereka. Surface energy balancing (SEBS) telah diperpanjang dan ditingkatkan. Program Instalasi yang Disempurnakan Fungsi baru ILWIS 3.7 ILWIS 3.7 telah dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan ILWIS pada fungsi vektornya. Fungsionalitas vektor di ILWIS 3.6 dan sebelumnya sedikit dasar dan Martin Schouwenburg melakukan pekerjaan yang bagus untuk meningkatkan kemampuan vektor agar lebih mutakhir dan mampu menjawab beberapa kebutuhan akan ekstensi di masa mendatang yang pasti akan sulit direalisasikan ILWIS tua Untuk mewujudkannya, dia harus menulis ulang sebagian besar penanganan internal vektor agar sesuai dengan spesifikasi fitur sederhana. Khususnya di domain Polygon hampir semua kode lama harus ditulis ulang. Keuntungan dari desain baru ini adalah sekarang lebih mudah untuk menambahkan sejumlah aplikasi vektor baru yang akan menghabiskan banyak waktu untuk menulis dalam struktur lama. fitur yang ditambahkan adalah: PointMapUnion PointMapIntersect PointMapSymetricDifference PointMapDifference PointMapRelate SegmentMapVoronoi SegmentMapTin (belum yakin apakah ini akan membuat ke final) perbaikan SegmentMapUnion SegmentMapIntersect SegmentMapSymetricDifference SegmenMapDifference SegmentMapRelate PolygonMapBuffer PolygonMapConvexHull PolygonMapUnion PolygonMapIntersect PolygonMapSymetricDifference PolygonMapDifference PolygonMapRelate Umum adalah: Sehubungan dengan informasi koordinat, ILWIS sekarang Secara internal sepenuhnya 3D meskipun antarmuka ini belum terekspos sampai ke dunia luar, namun ini untuk tahap selanjutnya. Di bawah desain baru ini, file biner Polygon tidak lagi kompatibel dengan versi ILWIS sebelumnya. Masih bisa membacanya, tapi tidak lagi menuliskannya. Karena kendala waktu dan sifat kompleks format Polygon asli maka ekspor ke format lama tidak ada dalam ILWIS 3.7. Modul SEBS dan modul HydrologicalFlow diperbarui dan untuk bantuan SEBS disertakan dalam file bantuan terpisah. NATURE WORLDWIDE adalah situs resmi World Institute for Conservation and Environment, WICE. Ini adalah jaringan situs web terpadu yang membahas berbagai topik tentang alam, konservasi alam dan pengelolaan sumber daya alam. Baca disini mengapa kita menciptakan Alam di Seluruh Dunia. Metodologi kami menjelaskan bagaimana kami menghasilkan informasi kami. Peta Situs kami membantu Anda menemukan jalan di situs web. Kami membuat website ini karena gairah untuk konservasi. Kami menghabiskan gaji dan waktu luang kami untuk mengumpulkan informasi dan mempublikasikannya di situs-situs ini, dengan total menghargai ratusan ribu dolar waktu profesional. Tidak ada yang membayar kita untuk melakukan ini. Kami hanya ingin berkontribusi terhadap konservasi. Jika Anda menghargai pekerjaan kami, silakan mengunjungi situs kami Mengadopsi A Ranger dan melihat bagaimana Anda dapat membuat perbedaan untuk konservasi yang paling efektif: Dengan membayar satu hari gaji seorang ranger, Anda akan membuat perbedaan dalam melestarikan kehidupan ribuan burung. , Makhluk lain dan seluruh hutan. Periksa sitemap kami. Nikmati situs NATURE DU MONDE est Web officiel du World Institute for Conservation and Environment, WICE. Cest une collection intgre de sites web qui traitent avec des sujets berbeda sifatnya, konservasi de la nature et gestion des ressources naturelles. Lisez ici pourquoi nous avons cr Nature de Monde. Notre Methodologie explique comme nous avons produit nos renseignements. Notre Site Map vous aide trouver votre entre dans le site web. Beaucoup de plaisir NATURALEZA DEL MUNDO es la pgina Web oficial del World Institute untuk Konservasi dan Lingkungan Hidup, WICE. Es una red de pginas Web tratando de temas diferentes relacionados a la naturaleza, la conservacin el manejo de recursos naturales, parques nacionales y reas protegidas. Lea aqui porqu hicimos Naturaleza del Mundo. Nuestra Methodologa explica como produjimos la informacin. Nuestro Mapa del sitio le ayuda encontrar su informacin en nuestra pgina web. MENYATAKAN NATUREZA DO MUNDO o Situs web yang melakukan Lembaga Konservasi dan Lingkungan Dunia, WICE. Es uma red de pginas Web tratando de temas diferentes relacionados natureza, la conservao el manejo de recursos naturaleiss, parques nacionais y reas protegidas. Lea aqui porqu creamos Natureza do Mundo. Nossa Methodologa explica como produjimos sebuah informao. Nosso Mapa sitio le ayuda encontrar sua informao tidak ada situs web. Desfrute NATUR DER GANZEN WELT ist, die offiziellen Website der World Institute for Conservation and Environment, WICE. Es ist ein einheitliches Netzwerk von Situs Web, ber Themen wie Natur, Natur-Schutz und natrlichem Ressourcen Quellen Hege. Lesen Sie hier warum wir Natur der ganzen Welt gemacht haben. Tidak ada Verfahrensweise erklrt, tanpa informasi dari produziert wrde. Unsere Peta Situs hilft Ihnen Ihren Weg im Website zu finden. Viel Spa NATUUR UIT ALLE STREKEN adalah, Situs Resmi van het World Institute for Conservation and Environment, WICE. Het adalah situs web Netwerk van yang bagus, di atas Natuur, Natuurbescherming en het beheer van natuurlijke hulpbronnen. Lesen Sie hier warum wir Natuur uit alle Streken gemacht haben. Onze pagina Methode legt uit, cangkul kita onze informatie vergaarden. Onze Site Map helpt u op weg door onze website. WICE adalah organisasi nirlaba non-pemerintah di seluruh dunia yang berkontribusi terhadap konservasi alam. Meskipun bekerja pada banyak hal yang berkaitan dengan konservasi alam dan perlindungan lingkungan, hal ini terutama berkomitmen untuk konservasi taman nasional dan kawasan lindung lainnya. AM (Spatial Analysis in Macroecology) adalah program yang dirancang sebagai paket dari Alat untuk analisis statistik spasial. Terutama untuk aplikasi Analisis Permukaan Pola Permukaan. SAM banyak digunakan di bidang Makroekologi dan Biogeografi. Tetapi juga dalam Biologi Konservasi. Ekologi Masyarakat dan Populasi. Geografi Geologi Demografi Ekonometrika. Psikologi dan Epidemiologi. Singkatnya, jika Anda seorang ilmuwan yang menyelidiki pola dan proses yang terstruktur secara geografis, SAM adalah apa yang Anda cari SAM digunakan di seluruh dunia oleh ribuan ilmuwan, di lebih dari 50 negara, sebagai alat utama mereka untuk analisis statistik. Bahkan, sebuah makalah yang diterbitkan dalam Global Ecology and Biogeography untuk mengumumkan SAM untuk komunitas ilmiah memiliki angka kutipan dari 50 kutipan baru per tahun. Ini menunjukkan seberapa besar SAM diterima dan digunakan sebagai alat analisis yang berharga dalam sains. Download SAM hari ini dan bergabunglah dengan ribuan rekan SAM di seluruh dunia Ya, mungkin tidak ada yang namanya makan siang gratis, tapi ada SAM gratis. Ini berjalan dengan indah di bawah Microsoft Windows, dan memiliki antarmuka grafis yang user-friendly dan menu-driven. Semua alat menakjubkan ini tersedia bagi Anda di klik mouse Anda. Download saja SAM dan Anda akan segera mencatat bahwa SAM sangat mudah dipasang dan sangat intuitif untuk digunakan. Sebuah update SAM (v4.0) dirilis pada bulan Juni 2010. Memperbaiki dan memperbaiki beberapa masalah yang ada di v3.1. Kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada ratusan pengguna SAM yang berkontribusi terhadap pengembangan SAM dengan mengirimkan saran dan melaporkan bug. Versi SAM terakhir (v3.1) dirilis pada bulan April 2009, dengan beberapa perbaikan dari versi sebelumnya. Anda tidak berpikir itu mungkin, tapi antarmuka grafis SAM sekarang lebih baik Tombol pintas dengan ikon keren menempatkan metode statistik yang paling banyak digunakan lebih dekat kepada Anda, kapan saja selama analisis. Jika Anda tertarik pada grafik apapun di SAM, cukup CTRL Klik kanan padanya untuk menyalin gambar grafik atau data grafik ke clipboard, yang kemudian dapat disisipkan dalam program apapun. Kami yakin Anda akan senang dengan modul Model Selection dan Multi-Model Inference yang baru. Penjelajahan data dan pemasangan model tidak pernah semudah dan intuitif. Cukup pilih variabel penjelasan potensial dan biarkan SAM menerapkan Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) untuk menemukan model linier yang paling pelit. Mudah seperti tiga klik Ingin mempelajari distribusi geografis suatu spesies berdasarkan data presencegenence Pastikan Anda memeriksa Modul Regresi Logistik yang baru, yang membuat pemodelan linear biner sangat mudah dan intuitif. Jika Anda memiliki alasan untuk berpikir bahwa beberapa proses terstruktur secara spasial mendorong data Anda, Anda harus mencoba modul Regresi Tertimbang Secara Geografis (GWR) yang baru. Regresi lokal secara eksplisit tidak pernah semudah dan menyenangkan Seperti biasa di SAM semua peta akibat analisis akan berada di bawah jangkauan mouse Anda Manajemen data di SAM sangat mudah SAM kompatibel dengan file teks (.TXT), tabel DBASE (.DBF ), Spreadsheet Excel (.XLS) dan ESRI Shapefiles (.SHP). Dengan kompatibilitas yang begitu banyak, SAM pasti bisa dengan mudah membuka dataset Anda. SAM adalah CPU friendly Itu berarti jika Anda memiliki komputer multi-core, SAM akan memanfaatkan kekuatan komputasi dan melakukan banyak perhitungan secara bersamaan. Anda akan melihat bahwa SAM adalah perangkat lunak yang sangat kuat namun ringan Lupakan paket statistik command-line mahal yang penuh dengan perintah keyboard yang harus Anda ingat setiap kali Anda perlu menganalisis kumpulan data baru. Sekarang Anda tidak perlu lagi bertanya kepada kolega Anda tentang perintah tertentu yang selalu Anda lupakan (ini terjadi pada semua orang). Cukup klik mouse Anda dan Anda akan dengan cepat memiliki semua hasil yang Anda butuhkan, analitis atau grafis, dalam bentuk yang ringkas, tepat di layar Anda. SAM terintegrasi sepenuhnya ke dunia GIS, dan memungkinkan pengguna untuk mengimpor data dari dan mengekspor data ke ESRI ShapeFiles. Anda dapat menggunakan modul peta GIS untuk penyelidikan terperinci mengenai hasil analisis statistik, atau Anda dapat menyimpan data Anda dalam shapefile untuk dibuka di platform GIS lain. Ucapkan selamat tinggal pada pemborosan waktu untuk mentransfer data antara softwares: SAM membaca dan menulis tentang semua format file SAM memiliki antarmuka GIS yang paling user-friendly dan intuitif di antara paket statistik. Dengan hanya beberapa klik Anda dapat menghasilkan peta GIS yang bagus, mudah disesuaikan. Siap untuk diterbitkan Anda dapat memetakan poligon, titik atau grid. Anda dapat mengkategorikan variasi menggunakan kelas warna dengan mudah. Program ini memiliki antarmuka grafis yang dirancang khusus untuk analisis data eksplorasi yang intuitif. Setiap modul memiliki serangkaian hasil analisis dan grafis lengkap yang ditampilkan secara otomatis saat Anda meminta SAM untuk menghitung beberapa statistik, yang memungkinkan interaksi antara perhitungan model dan evaluasi. Tapi tidak semua Untuk kenyamanan Anda, SAM tidak memerlukan pemberontakan yang mengganggu untuk mengevaluasi kembali autokorelasi spasial di residual setiap kali Anda menghitung model baru, hanya menganalisis struktur spasial residual secara instan Dengan SAM Anda akan mengalami state-of - Analisis spasial statistik artistik dari pola permukaan. Lihat apa yang ditawarkan SAM: Beberapa pilihan grafis, termasuk plot scatter 2D atau 3D. Alat untuk mengeksplorasi nilai data langsung dari grafik. Secara seketika menyesuaikan polinomial ke scattersplots Anda sampai urutan keenam. Alat pemulusan yang mudah dan cepat untuk plot scatter 3D. Selain grafik keren, dengan pilihan grafis selalu berguna, Anda bisa langsung klik CTRLright di grafik mana pun untuk menyalin gambar grafik atau data grafik ke clipboard, sehingga tersedia untuk disisipkan dalam program minat Anda (misalnya MS Word, MS Exel). Manfaatkan modul pemetaan SIG di SAM. Ini adalah antarmuka grafis yang paling user-friendly untuk Sistem Informasi Geografis yang pernah dirancang dalam perangkat lunak statistik spasial. SAM sekarang memiliki kompatibilitas penuh dengan ESRI ShapeFile, dengan membuka dan menyimpan data ke dalam format file ini, dan memfasilitasi antarmuka dengan software SIG. Memetakan data Anda untuk menjelajahi struktur spasial secara visual. Permukaan mosaik atau interpolasi tersedia. Juga, garis kontur mungkin dipasang untuk meningkatkan pola spasial. Gunakan alat pencari pola baru untuk memilih daerah di scatterplot dan sorot secara otomatis di peta dan di spreadsheet. Tentu saja, arah sebaliknya sama mudahnya dengan mudah membuat jaringan koneksi di antara lokasi pengambilan sampel Anda secara sewenang-wenang atau sesuai dengan beberapa kriteria jaringan, seperti Triangulasi Delaunay, Gabriel, Relative Neighborhood, Minimum Spannin Tree, Jarak Interval. Jaringan menjadi tersedia untuk berbagai analisis spasial di SAM. Jika variabel Anda melanggar asumsi analisis minat, Anda dapat mencoba beberapa transformasi matematis praktis yang tersedia di SAM. Kurangi dimensi data Anda dengan mudah, sesuaikan informasi menjadi beberapa variabel, hindari collinearity dan redundansi, dengan menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Analisis struktur spasial di data Anda dengan menggunakan koefisien autokorelasi, seperti Morans I dan semi-varians. SAM menawarkan alat yang sangat fleksibel yang memungkinkan Anda menghitung koefisien autokorelasi sesuai jarak spasial (planar atau geodesi) atau konektivitas jaringan. Signifikansi juga dapat diuji dengan prosedur pengacakan. Dan jika Anda mencari Semi-Varians, modul ini untuk Anda dapat menghitung dan dengan mudah menentukan parameternya sesuai dengan delapan model yang berbeda. Namun, jika Anda mencari struktur autokorelasi spasial yang bagus dalam data Anda, Anda dapat menggunakan dan menyimpan Indikator Lokal Autokorelasi Spasial (LISA), berdasarkan Morans Lokal I, yang dapat diuji dengan prosedur pengacakan. Saring tren spasial berskala luas atau skala kecil dalam data Anda menggunakan Analisis Permukaan Permukaan (TSA) atau koordinat teras induk Koordinat Tetangga Matriks (PCNM, juga dikenal sebagai filter spasial berbasis vektor eigen). Cari outlier spasial, hamburkan nilai variabel terhadap nilai yang diharapkan sesuai dengan posisi spasial. Carilah kelompok observasi yang serupa dengan melakukan analisis cluster dengan prosedur k-means. Juga, dalam SAM k-means dapat dibatasi secara spasial, untuk menemukan tambalan pengamatan serupa yang bersebelahan di luar angkasa. Hitung korelasi biasa antar variabel, dan perbaiki tingkat signifikansi mereka memperkirakan jumlah derajat kebebasan yang benar sesuai dengan besarnya autokorelasi spasial. Modelkan variabel menggunakan antarmuka grafis SAM yang sangat intuitif untuk melakukan Analisis Regresi Linier. Periksa hasil model Anda, termasuk autokorelasi spasial residual dan jangan ragu untuk dengan mudah menghitung ulang model Anda seketika. Jika Anda lebih suka, gunakan Regresi Parsial untuk memisahkan antara besaran penjelasan karena variabel penjelas atau kecenderungan spasial itu sendiri. Kami yakin Anda akan senang dengan modul Model Selection dan Multi-Model Inference yang baru. Penjelajahan data dan pemasangan model tidak pernah semudah dan intuitif. Cukup pilih variabel penjelasan potensial dan biarkan SAM menerapkan Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) untuk menemukan model linier yang paling pelit. Mudah seperti tiga klik Ingin mempelajari distribusi geografis suatu spesies berdasarkan data presencegenence Pastikan Anda memeriksa Modul Regresi Logistik yang baru, yang membuat pemodelan linear biner sangat mudah dan intuitif. Sangat mudah untuk mencoba beberapa model autoregresif yang tersedia di SAM. Perkirakan parameter autoregresif dan besarnya autokorelasi spasial oleh Model Autoregresif Murni yang tersedia pada Model Lagged. Sebagai alternatif, variabel filter response dan predictor (s), memastikan bahwa hasil model Anda tidak dipengaruhi oleh tren spasial. Cobalah secara langsung, didaktik dan interaktif dua langkah Spatial Generalized Least Squares (spasial GLS, atau kriging-regression). Modelkan data Anda menggunakan model autoregresif yang terkenal: Model Autoregresif Serentak (SAR), Model Autoregresif Bersyarat (CAR) atau Moving-Average Model (MA). Jika Anda memiliki alasan untuk berpikir bahwa beberapa proses terstruktur secara spasial mendorong data Anda, Anda harus mencoba modul Regresi Tertimbang Secara Geografis (GWR) yang baru. Regresi lokal secara eksplisit tidak pernah semudah dan menyenangkan Seperti biasa di SAM semua peta akibat analisis akan berada di bawah jangkauan mouse Anda. Dalam beberapa bulan terakhir, masukan dari seluruh dunia menghasilkan beberapa penyempurnaan SAM. Jika Anda adalah pengguna SAM, dan ingin berkontribusi dalam peningkatan program ini, silakan kirim e-mail ke rangel. sam di gmail dot com. Tentang Penulis: Thiago Fernando Rangel - (rangel. sam di gmail dot com) Tertarik dengan metode statistik dan komputasi yang diterapkan pada makroekologi dan biologi evolusioner. Proyek saat ini melibatkan pengembangan dan penerapan model simulasi spasial untuk memahami peran faktor historis (evolusioner) dan kontemporer (ekologis) yang mendorong pola geografis skala luas dalam keanekaragaman hayati. Saat ini dia adalah anggota dewan redaksi jurnal Ecography. Jos Alexandre F. Diniz-Filho, FLS - (diniz at icb dot ufg dot br) Profesor Ekologi Hewan dan Evolusi di Departemen Biologi, Universitas Federal Gois, Brasil. Dia adalah seorang peneliti 1A dari Dewan Pengembangan Ilmiah dan Teknologi Brazil (CNPq). Minat penelitian utamanya menyangkut aspek evolusi dari teori makroekologi dan penerapan metode statistik spasial dalam makroekologi, biologi evolusioner, biologi populasi dan konservasi. Proyek saat ini melibatkan penerapan analisis autokorelasi spasial dan metode komparatif filogenetik untuk memahami proses ekologi yang terkait dengan gradien latitudinal pada kekayaan spesies. Dia saat ini adalah editor jurnal Global Ecology and Biogeography. Luis Mauricio Bini - Profesor di Ekologi Hewan dan Evolusi di Departemen Biologi, Universitas Federal Gois, Brasil. Tertarik dengan metode statistik yang diterapkan pada analisis keanekaragaman hayati dan limnologi. Proyek saat ini melibatkan analisis sinkronisasi populasi spasial kumpulan air di waduk dan dataran banjir. Dia juga tertarik pada bagaimana dinamika populasi dikaitkan dengan pola keanekaragaman hayati yang lebih umum, terutama hubungan antara keanekaragaman spesies dan stabilitas ekosistem. Saat ini dia adalah anggota dewan redaksi jurnal Hydrobiologia. GIS Glosarium singkatan Sebuah bentuk singkat dari kata atau frasa yang mewakili keseluruhan. Singkatan biasanya berupa surat atau kelompok surat yang diambil dari bentuk kata yang lengkap, seperti penggunaan St. di tempat Street. Kamus Singkatan Pada Maplex untuk ArcGIS, file yang berisi keseluruhan kata dan bentuknya yang disingkat untuk memungkinkan pemendekan label secara otomatis. Dalam sistem koordinat persegi panjang, jarak koordinat x sepanjang sumbu horizontal dari sumbu vertikal atau y. Misalnya, titik dengan koordinat (7,3) memiliki absis dari 7. Keakuratan absolut Derajat dimana posisi objek pada peta sesuai dengan lokasi sebenarnya di bumi sesuai dengan sistem koordinat yang diterima. Koordinat absolut Koordinat yang mengacu pada asal sistem koordinat yang diberikan. Mode absolut Cara menggunakan tablet digitalisasi tempat lokasi pada tablet dipetakan ke lokasi tertentu di layar. Memindahkan keping digitizer pada permukaan tablet menyebabkan penunjuk layar bergerak ke posisi yang sama persis di layar. Pengaturan yang benar-benar terbatas Dalam Survey Analyst untuk pengukuran lapangan, satu dari dua kemungkinan untuk melakukan penyesuaian terbatas. Dalam penyesuaian yang benar-benar terbatas, koordinat titik referensi mempertahankan nilai aslinya. Gunakan metode ini bila titik referensi tetap tidak berubah dalam kumpulan data survei. Penyerapan Jumlah energi elektromagnetik yang hilang melalui interaksi dengan molekul gas dan materi selama perjalanannya melalui atmosfer. Kelas abstrak Dalam ArcObjects, sebuah spesifikasi untuk subclass yang sering ditampilkan pada diagram model objek untuk membantu memberikan struktur pada diagram. Kelas abstrak tidak didefinisikan dalam jenis perpustakaan dan tidak dapat di instantiasikan. Abstraksi Sebuah gagasan sederhana tentang objek atau sistem dunia nyata. Daftar kontrol akses Daftar akun atau pengguna yang digunakan untuk menentukan layanan terbatas dan tidak terbatas dan kriteria otentikasi yang diperlukan untuk mengakses suatu objek. Tombol akses Pintasan keyboard yang memungkinkan pengguna mengakses isi menu Utama dengan menahan tombol Alt dan menekan huruf bergaris bawah pada item menu atau menu. Kunci akses dibuat dengan menempatkan ampersand (amp) di depan huruf yang sesuai pada judul perintah. Aksesibilitas Ukuran agregat dari tingkat kemudahan dimana tempat, orang, atau benda dapat dicapai, tergantung pada faktor-faktor seperti kemiringan, lalu lintas, jarak, dan sebagainya. Layanan Info Account Web Service SOAP ArcWeb digunakan untuk melihat informasi tentang akun ArcWeb Services seperti statistik penggunaan pada layanan data dan layanan ArcWeb. Account Info Web Service tersedia sebagai antarmuka SOAP dan antarmuka Web. Tingkat di mana nilai terukur sesuai dengan nilai sebenarnya atau nilai yang diterima. Akurasi adalah ukuran kebenaran. Hal ini dibedakan dari ketepatan, yang mengukur ketepatan. Di ArcWeb Services, lingkaran, garis, poligon, titik, atau spidol yang menjadi transparan bila tidak aktif. Fitur asetat disalut pada lapisan peta lainnya dan dapat dianotasikan secara terpisah. File file pengakuan di ArcGIS, sebuah file XML yang berisi pesan acknowledgement. Pesan messageacknowledgement pengakuan Di ArcGIS, pesan dari replika ke kerabatnya mengakui perubahan data yang diterima oleh replika pengiriman. Akronim untuk daftar kontrol akses. Daftar akun atau pengguna digunakan untuk menunjuk layanan terbatas dan tidak terbatas dan kriteria otentikasi yang diperlukan untuk mengakses suatu objek. Pemindai lintas jalur Alat penginderaan jarak jauh dengan cermin berosilasi yang bergerak maju mundur melintasi arah satelit tur, membuat garis pindai yang berdekatan atau sedikit tumpang tindih, sehingga menghasilkan gambar. Frame data aktif Bingkai data yang saat ini sedang dikerjakan adalah contoh, bingkai data yang ditambahkan lapisan. Bingkai data aktif disorot pada peta, dan namanya ditampilkan dalam teks tebal dalam daftar isi. Jaringan aktif Dalam Survey Analyst untuk pengukuran lapangan, fokus analisis yang diterapkan. Dalam jaringan yang aktif, pengguna dapat mencantumkan titik datum jaringan di Explorer Survey, mendeteksi dan menyelesaikan jeda dalam urutan komputasi jaringan, dan menemukan serta memperbaiki siklus di jaringan. Penginderaan jauh yang aktif Sistem penginderaan jarak jauh, seperti radar, yang menghasilkan radiasi elektromagnetik dan mengukur pantulannya kembali dari permukaan. Active Server Pages Teknologi server side scripting Microsoft yang dapat digunakan untuk membuat dan menjalankan aplikasi Web interaktif yang dinamis, yang biasanya dikodekan dalam JScript, JavaScript atau VBScript. File ASP tidak hanya berisi teks dan tag HTML yang berisi dokumen Web standar, namun juga perintah yang ditulis dalam bahasa scripting, yang dapat dilakukan di server atau klien. Perpustakaan Template Aktif Satu set kelas template C, yang dikembangkan oleh Microsoft untuk digunakan dalam membangun objek COM Windows. Tema aktif Di ArcView 3.x, tema dalam dokumen tampilan dimana tombol dan tindakan alat atau perintah menu yang sesuai diterapkan. Tema aktif muncul dalam daftar isi. Konektor ActiveX Tipe Konektor Server Aplikasi ArcIMS yaitu Component Object Model (COM) dynamic link library (DLL) yang dapat digunakan pada aplikasi COM seperti Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP). Ukuran, menggunakan mikrodensitometer atau instrumen lainnya, seberapa baik sistem fotografi menunjukkan tepi yang tajam antara area terang dan gelap yang bersebelahan. Tambahkan Data ArcWeb Alat ArcWeb Services yang memungkinkan data ArcWeb ditambahkan ke ArcGIS. Tambahkan Data ArcWeb tersedia sebagai bagian dari ArcWeb Toolbar untuk ArcGIS. Perpanjangan ke program perangkat lunak yang melakukan tugas khusus. ESRI menyediakan berbagai pengembang add-in sebagai bagian dari kit pengembang ArcGIS. Penunjukan lokasi tempat tinggal atau tempat tinggal seseorang, sebuah organisasi, atau bangunan, terdiri dari elemen numerik dan teks seperti nomor jalan, nama jalan, dan kota yang disusun dalam format tertentu. Alamat data Data yang berisi informasi alamat yang digunakan untuk geocoding. Data alamat dapat terdiri dari satu alamat atau tabel yang berisi banyak alamat. Alamat format data Pengaturan informasi alamat dalam database, paling sering terdiri dari elemen alamat seperti nomor rumah, arahan jalan, nama jalan, tipe jalan, kota, dan kode pos. Model data alamat Aturan geodatabase yang dirancang khusus untuk mengakomodasi materi terkait alamat, seperti jalan, zona, rentang, dan sebagainya. Aturan ini menentukan elemen alamat, nilai atribut mereka, dan hubungan di antara keduanya. Model data alamat memfasilitasi penyimpanan data alamat. Elemen alamat Salah satu komponen yang terdiri dari sebuah alamat. Nomor rumah, nama jalan, tipe jalan, dan petunjuk jalan adalah contoh elemen alamat. Address event Di ArcGIS, fitur yang bisa diletakkan berdasarkan alamat yang sesuai dengan jaringan jalan atau pengenal alamat lainnya, seperti Kode ZIP atau nomor lot. Alamat tabel acara Di ArcGIS, sebuah tabel berisi alamat tapi tidak ada informasi referensi spasial. Dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak SIG, alamat tabel acara dapat dibuat geokode untuk membuat lapisan data spasial. Field alamat Sebuah kolom dalam tabel yang menyimpan satu atau beberapa elemen alamat. Bidang alamat dapat hadir dalam data referensi, data alamat, atau keduanya. Alamat Finder Web Service Layanan SOAP ArcWeb digunakan untuk menemukan koordinat geografis sebuah alamat dan untuk menemukan alamat berdasarkan koordinat geografis. Format alamat Struktur dan susunan elemen alamat tertentu dan metode pencocokan yang sesuai yang dapat digunakan untuk aplikasi tertentu. Format alamat dapat bervariasi berdasarkan lokal atau negara. Alamat geocoding Operasi GIS untuk mengubah alamat jalan menjadi data spasial yang dapat ditampilkan sebagai fitur pada peta, biasanya dengan merujuk informasi alamat dari lapisan data segmen jalan. Address locator Sebuah dataset di ArcGIS yang menyimpan atribut alamat, indeks terkait, dan aturan yang menentukan proses untuk menerjemahkan deskripsi tempat nonspatial, seperti alamat jalan, ke data spasial yang dapat ditampilkan sebagai fitur pada peta. Penelusur alamat berisi cuplikan data referensi yang digunakan untuk geocoding, dan parameter untuk menstandardisasi alamat, mencari lokasi pertandingan, dan membuat keluaran. File locator alamat memiliki ekstensi file. loc. Di ArcGIS 8.3 dan versi sebelumnya, pencari alamat disebut layanan geocoding. Alamat locator property Parameter pada address locator yang mendefinisikan proses geocoding. Alamat locator style Sebuah template dimana locator alamat dibangun. Setiap template dirancang untuk mengakomodasi format alamat dan data referensi tertentu, dan parameter geocoding. File template gaya locator tempat memiliki ekstensi file. lot. Address Manager Web Service Layanan SOAP ArcWeb digunakan untuk membuat geocode batch secara custom set point addresses. Address Manager Web Service tersedia sebagai antarmuka SOAP dan antarmuka Web. Alamat yang cocok Sebuah proses yang membandingkan alamat atau tabel alamat dengan atribut alamat dataset referensi untuk menentukan apakah alamat tertentu berada dalam kisaran alamat yang terkait dengan fitur dalam dataset referensi. Jika alamat berada dalam rentang alamat fitur, ini dianggap cocok dan lokasi dapat dikembalikan. Kisaran alamat Nomor jalan berjalan dari yang terendah ke tertinggi di sepanjang segmen jalan atau jalan. Rentang alamat umumnya disimpan sebagai bidang di tabel atribut lapisan data jalan. Mereka sering menunjukkan rentang di sisi kiri dan kanan jalan. Layanan alamat Layanan yang dapat menentukan lokasi x, y dari sebuah alamat, dan mengembalikan alamat lokasi x, y. Alamat standardisasi Proses penguraian alamat menjadi elemen dan mengubah elemen dengan singkatan standar atau ejaan. Untuk praktik terbaik, proses ini berlaku untuk menyiapkan data referensi dan data alamat untuk pencocokan. Address standardizer Alat yang menyiapkan dan memecah alamat menjadi elemen yang bisa digunakan untuk geocoding. Prosesnya bisa menerjemahkan beberapa elemen menjadi kata kunci atau singkatan standar misalnya, Avenue dapat diterjemahkan ke Ave. Gaya alamat Satu set pedoman yang menentukan format alamat dan metode pencocokan yang dapat digunakan untuk aplikasi tertentu. Menambahkan tabel Tabel sistem geodatabase, dibuat saat kelas atau tabel fitur terdaftar sebagai versi, yang menyimpan informasi pada semua baris yang telah disisipkan atau diperbarui. Akronim untuk Kerangka Pengembang Aplikasi. Kumpulan kontrol dan template Web kustom yang dapat digunakan untuk membangun aplikasi Web yang berkomunikasi dengan server GIS. Server ArcGIS menyertakan ADF untuk keduanya dan Java. ADF runtime Komponen yang dibutuhkan untuk menjalankan aplikasi yang dibangun dengan ADF. Jenis hubungan spasial di mana dua atau lebih poligon berbagi sisi atau batas. Adjacency query Sebuah pernyataan atau ekspresi logis digunakan untuk memilih fitur geografis yang berbagi batas. Tingkat penyesuaian Dalam Analis Survei untuk kadaster, nomor yang sesuai dengan rangkaian vektor perpindahan tertentu dalam rangkaian penyesuaian pada kain kadaster. Tingkat penyesuaian umumnya diidentifikasi dengan tanggal dan waktu penyesuaian. Proses penggunaan teknologi dan menggunakannya untuk tujuan sendiri tindakan oleh individu, organisasi, atau komunitas untuk memilih teknologi dan menerapkannya. Akronim untuk tipe data abstrak. Untuk OpenLS, tipe data dan struktur untuk informasi lokasi yang dibagi oleh dua atau lebih layanan. ADT adalah skema aplikasi yang dikodekan dalam XML untuk layanan lokasi (XLS). Radiometer Resolusi Tinggi yang Sangat Tinggi Sebuah pemindai diterbangkan pada satelit pengorbanan kutub Utara dan Atmosfer Nasional (NOAA) untuk mengukur radiasi inframerah dan terlihat dari vegetasi, tutupan awan, garis pantai, air, salju, dan es. Data AVHRR sering digunakan untuk prediksi cuaca dan pemetaan vegetasi. Foto udara Sebuah foto permukaan bumi yang diambil dari sebuah platform terbang di atas permukaan tapi tidak di orbit, biasanya sebuah pesawat terbang. Aerial photography is often used as a cartographic data source for basemapping, locating geographic features, and interpreting environmental conditions. affiliation In MOLE, the type of threat posed by the war fighting element being represented. The four basic types supported by MOLE are unknown, friend, neutral, and hostile. affine transformation A geometric transformation that scales, rotates, skews, andor translates images or coordinates between any two Euclidean spaces. It is commonly used in GIS to transform maps between coordinate systems. In an affine transformation, parallel lines remain parallel, the midpoint of a line segment remains a midpoint, and all points on a straight line remain on a straight line. In modeling, an entity within a model that conducts transactions to simulate the actions of a human, group of humans, animal, or other actor. agent-based model A simulation of the large-scale consequences of the decisions and interactions of individual members of a population. An agent-based model consists of an environment or framework that defines the scope and rules of actions, along with a number of agents representing one or more actors whose parameters and behaviors are defined. When the model is run, the characteristics of each agent are tracked through time and space. aggregation The process of collecting a set of similar, usually adjacent, polygons (with their associated attributes) to form a single, larger entity. Acronym for Adobe Integrated Runtime . A cross-platform runtime environment built on HTML, Flash, and Flex. AIR applications are deployed on a desktop and can communicate with a server for updates or extended functionality. air station In aerial photography, each point in the flight path at which the camera exposes the film. Acronym for Aeronautical Information Exchange Format . An XML format used to describe aeronautical data transactions created and maintained by EUROCONTROL (European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation), in the process of being adopted worldwide. Acronym for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML . A programming technique for creating fast, interactive Internet applications. AJAX adds a small application to part of the software users browser for fast loading and display. A measure of the reflectivity of an object or surface the ratio of the amount of radiation reflected by a body to the amount of energy striking it. A message that calls attention to a notable situation or informs users of changes in the state of a monitored situation. A mathematical procedure used to solve problems with a series of steps. Algorithms are usually encoded as a sequence of computer commands. An alternative name specified for fields, tables, files, or datasets that is more descriptive and user-friendly than the actual name. On computer networks, a single e-mail alias may refer to a group of e-mail addresses. The jagged appearance of curves and diagonal lines in a raster image. Aliasing becomes more apparent as the size of the raster pixels is increased or the resolution of the image is decreased. A peep sight mounted on a straightedge and used to measure direction. align fields A task that identifies the fields required for geocoding, such as address and city, when uploading data. aligned dimension A drafting symbol that runs parallel to the baseline and indicates the true distance between beginning and ending dimension points. allocation In network analysis, the process of assigning entities or edges and junctions to features until the features capacity or limit of impedance is reached. For example, streets may be assigned to the most accessible fire station within a six-minute radius, or students may be assigned to the nearest school until it is full. In GPS, a file transmitted from a satellite to a receiver that contains information about the orbits of all satellites included in the satellite network. Receivers refer to the almanac to determine which satellite to track. along-track scanner A remote-sensing tool with a line of many fixed sensors that record reflected radiation from the terrain along a satellites direction of movement, creating scan-line strips that are contiguous or that overlap slightly, thereby producing an image. alphanumeric grid A grid of numbered rows and lettered columns (or vice versa) superimposed on a map, used to find and identify features. Alphanumeric grids are commonly used as a reference system on local street maps. alternate key An attribute or set of attributes in a relational database that provides a unique identifier for each record and could be used as an alternative to the primary key. alternate name A name for an address element, usually a street name, that is different from the official or most common name. For example, a highway number might be an alternate name for a street name. The height or vertical elevation of a point above a reference surface. Altitude measurements are usually based on a given reference datum, such as mean sea level. Acronym for automated mappingfacilities management . GIS or CAD-based systems used by utilities and public works organizations for storing, manipulating, and mapping facility information such as the location of geographically dispersed assets. In GIS, a state of uncertainty in data classification that exists when an object may appropriately be assigned two or more values for a given attribute. For example, coastal areas experiencing tidal fluctuations may be dry land at some times and under water at other times. Ambiguity may be caused by changeable conditions in reality, by incomplete or conflicting definitions of attributes, or by subjective differences in the evaluation of data. It may also be caused by disputes, as when two parties claim ownership of the same tract of land. American National Standards Institute The private, nonprofit organization that develops U. S. industry standards through consensus and public review. American Standard Code for Information Interchange The de facto standard for the format of text files in computers and on the Internet that assigns a 7-bit binary number to each alphanumeric or special character. ASCII defines 128 possible characters. Acronym for ARC Macro Language . A proprietary, high-level programming language created by ESRI for generating end-user applications in ArcInfo Workstation. An area calculated by finding the outermost customers of a store along several vectors and connecting them. Complex market areas are more accurate than simple market areas because they respond to physical and cultural barriers. They are sometimes called amoebas because of their irregular shapes. A stereo image made by superimposing two images of the same area. The images are displayed in complementary colors, usually red and blue or green. When viewed through filters of corresponding colors, the images appear as one three-dimensional image. Represented continuously rather than in discrete steps having value at any degree of precision. analog image An image represented by continuous variation in tone, such as a photograph. A systematic examination of a problem or complex entity in order to provide new information from what is already known. analysis extent The geographic bounding area within which spatial analysis will occur. The bounding area is set by defining the x, y coordinates of opposite corners, usually the bottom-left and top-right corners of results. analysis mask In digital cartography, a means of covering or hiding features on a map to enhance cartographic representation. For example, masking is often used to cover features behind text to make the text more readable. analysis of variance A statistical procedure used to evaluate the variance of the mean values for two or more datasets in order to assess the probability that the data comes from the same sample or statistical population. ancillary data In digital image processing, data from sources other than remote sensing, used to assist in analysis and classification or to populate metadata. ancillary source A supplementary source of information. angular unit The unit of measurement on a sphere or a spheroid, usually degrees. Some map projection parameters, such as the central meridian and standard parallel, are defined in angular units. In ArcMap, ArcScene, and ArcGlobe, a collection of animation tracks that define the dynamic property changes to associated objects. An animation allows for navigation through the display, visualization of temporal changes, or alteration of layer and scene properties, such as layer transparency or the scene background. Animation Manager In ArcMap, ArcScene, and ArcGlobe, the interface in which the keyframes, tracks and time-scale properties of an animation can be edited and an animation can be timed and previewed. anisotropic Having nonuniform spatial distribution of movement or properties, usually across a surface. anisotropy A property of a spatial process or data in which spatial dependence (autocorrelation) changes with both the distance and the direction between two locations. annotation In cartography, text or graphics on a map that provide information for the map reader. Annotation may identify or describe a specific map entity, provide general information about an area on the map, or supply information about the map itself. annotation class A subset of annotation in a standard or feature-linked geodatabase annotation feature class that contains properties that determine how the subset of annotation will display. A standard or feature-linked geodatabase annotation feature class may contain one or more annotation classes. annotation construction method One of a number of procedures that dictate what type of annotation feature is created and the number of points required to create new annotation features. Construction methods include horizontal, straight, curved, leader line, and follow feature. annotation feature class A geodatabase feature class that stores text or graphics that provide information about features or general areas of a map (annotation). An annotation feature class may be linked to another feature class, so that edits to the features are reflected in the corresponding annotation (feature-linked annotation). Annotation in a geodatabase is edited during an edit session, using the tools on the Annotation toolbar. annotation group A container within a map document for organizing and managing text or graphics that provide additional information about features or general areas of a map. Annotation groups allow control of the display of different sets of annotation. Annotation stored in a map document is edited with the tools on the Drawing toolbar. annotation layer A layer that references annotation. Information stored for annotation includes a text string, a position at which it can be displayed, and display characteristics. annotation target In ArcMap, the annotation group or feature class in a map document where new annotation will be stored when created when using the New Text tools on the Draw toolbar or when copying and pasting annotation. Annotation created with the Annotation Edit tools is stored in the current Editing target, not in the annotation target. A statistical procedure used to evaluate the variance of the mean values for two or more datasets in order to assess the probability that the data comes from the same sample or statistical population. Acronym for American National Standards Institute . The private, nonprofit organization that develops U. S. industry standards through consensus and public review. An open-source, Java-based tool from the Apache Software Foundation that is used to manage the build procedure of applications. Any point on the surface of a sphere that lies 180 degrees (opposite) from a given point on the same surface, so that a line drawn between the two points through the center of the sphere forms a true diameter. any-vertex connectivity In network datasets, a type of edge connectivity policy that states that an edge may connect to another edge or junction where they have coincident vertices. anywhere fix A position that a GPS receiver can calculate without knowing its own location or the local time. The extent used to define a focus area for either a map or database production. In Microsofts COM component programming model, a group of threads, working within a process, that work within the same context. aphylactic projection A projection that does not have equal area, conformal, or equidistant characteristics. The compromise projection is an attempt at balance between these characteristics, and is often used in thematic mapping. Acronym for application programming interface . A set of interfaces, methods, protocols, and tools that application developers use to build or customize a software program. APIs make it easier to develop a program by providing building blocks of prewritten, tested, and documented code that are incorporated into the new program. APIs can be built for any programming language. In ArcWeb Services, an encryption-based authentication method for the ArcWeb Explorer JavaScript API. An API key is valid only for registered URLs. In an orbit path, the point at which the object in orbit is farthest from the center of the body being orbited. A military symbology specification published by NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). APP-6A is based on MIL-STD-2525A, the predecessor to MIL-STD-2525B. Adding features from multiple data sources of the same data type into an existing dataset. A small program that usually executes from within a Web browser. Applets are compatible with most platforms, and can also be used within applications or devices that support applets. application The use of a GIS to solve problems, automate tasks, or generate information within a specific field of interest. For example, a common agricultural application of GIS is determining fertilization requirements based on field maps of soil chemistry and previous crop yields. Application Developer Framework The set of custom Web controls and templates that can be used to build Web applications that communicate with a GIS server. ArcGIS Server includes an ADF for both and Java. application programming interface A set of interfaces, methods, protocols, and tools that application developers use to build or customize a software program. APIs make it easier to develop a program by providing building blocks of prewritten, tested, and documented code that are incorporated into the new program. APIs can be built for any programming language. application server A computer program that receives user requests through a client application and returns results to the client. application Web service A Web service that solves a particular problem for example, a Web service that finds all of the hospitals within a certain distance of an address. An application Web service can be implemented using the native Web service framework of a Web server for example, an ASP Web service (WebMethod) or Java Web service (Axis). arbitrary symbol A symbol that has no visual similarity to the feature it represents8212for example, a circle used to represent a city, or a triangle used to represent a school. On a map, a shape defined by a connected series of unique x, y coordinate pairs. An arc may be straight or curved. ARC Macro Language A proprietary, high-level programming language created by ESRI for generating end-user applications in ArcInfo Workstation. arc second An angle equal to one sixtieth of a minute of latitude or longitude. ArcGIS Online A set of web-based base maps, globes and other data and services created by ESRI for use inside ArcGIS products and GIS applications on the Internet. ArcGIS Server Web service A Web service processed and executed from within an ArcGIS server. Each Web service has a distinct HTTP location (URL). Web access is enabled by default for all ArcGIS Server services, but can be turned off by an administrator. ArcGIS Spatial Analyst An ArcGIS extension that provides spatial modeling and analysis features. It allows the creation, querying, mapping, and analysis of cell-based raster data and integrated vector-raster analysis. The command, provided with the Java ADF, that starts the Apache Ant tool that builds and deploys Web applications. architecture The internal design of an application or software package the way software or hardware components are organized into a functioning unit. A collection of information or data that is stored on a permanent medium such as CDs, discs, or tapes. Information is archived to ensure its security or persistence. In ArcGIS and ArcSDE, a procedure that allows a geodatabase to capture and store updates to features and records as the version is posted or edits are saved directly. Archiving builds a lineage of historical information that can be viewed and queried. ESRI software that allows for centrally hosting and serving GIS maps, data, and applications for use on the Internet. The administrative framework lets users author configuration files, publish maps, design Web pages, and administer ArcIMS spatial servers. ArcIMS supports Windows, Linux, and UNIX platforms and is customizable on many levels. ArcIMS Administrator The ArcIMS component that allows users to manage ArcIMS services, servers, virtual servers, and folders. ArcIMS application server The ArcIMS component that handles the distribution of incoming requests. It tracks which services are running on which ArcIMS spatial servers and hands off a request to the appropriate ArcIMS spatial server. ArcIMS Application Server Connector A component used to connect the Web server to the ArcIMS application server. Types of connectors include ActiveX Connector, ColdFusion Connector, Java Connector. NET Link, and Servlet Connector. Connectors must be installed on the same computer as the Web server. ArcIMS architecture A multitier framework that includes ArcIMS components: the ArcIMS Managermanager applications, application server, application server connectors, monitor, tasker, spatial servers, and viewers. The complete architecture also includes a Windows or UNIX operating system, a Web server, a servlet engine, and client-side Web browsers. ArcIMS Author The ArcIMS component that allows users to organize data into a configuration file that can be used to create a service. A configuration file specifies the map content: which data layers will be displayed and how they will look (color, symbols, labels, etc.). ArcIMS Designer The ArcIMS component that guides users in designing Web pages based on at least one service and one of the ArcIMS viewers. Users choose from a variety of options including toolbar functions, scale bar properties, and visible layer settings. ArcIMS Manager A suite of Web pages, deprecated in the 9.0 release, that guides users through the process of authoring configuration files, publishing services, designing Web pages, and administering sites. ArcIMS Manager combines the three independent applications (ArcIMS Author, ArcIMS Designer, and ArcIMS Administrator) into one wizard-driven framework. ArcIMS Manager resides on the Web server computer and can be accessed remotely. It is also referred to as the Web-based Manager and Remote Manager. ArcIMS manager application Any one of these stand-alone applications: ArcIMS Author, ArcIMS Administrator, or ArcIMS Designer. Each of these applications guides users through a process: authoring configuration files (ArcIMS Author), creating services and administering sites (ArcIMS Administrator), or designing Web pages (ArcIMS Designer). ArcIMS Monitor An ArcIMS component that tracks the state of the ArcIMS spatial server. When a computer system reboots, ArcIMS Monitor restarts services automatically by restarting the site configuration. This configuration is based on the setting saved in a serialized file ending in the file extension. sez. ArcIMS service A service that allows the content of a configuration file to be published on the Internet. The configuration file provides data layer content and symbology that the service registers to the ArcIMS spatial server and Web server for processing. ArcIMS Service Administrator A Web-based administration application that allows users to manage ArcIMS services and ArcSDE services remotely. ArcIMS Tasker An ArcIMS component that removes temporary image files generated by the image and ArcMap image services at a user-defined time interval. ArcIMS viewer Any one of the three Web site designs that come as standard options in ArcIMS Designer: the HTML, Java Custom, and Java Standard. They provide the functionality and graphic look for Web sites. The Java viewers require a one-time Web download and are only compatible with Web browsers that support Java 2 plug-in functionality. ArcIMS virtual server A grouping of one or more spatial servers into a single unit for administrative purposes. All of the following are ArcIMS virtual servers: the ArcMap server, extract server, feature server, geocode server, image server, metadata server, query server, and route server. The ArcMap server and route server are optional extensions to ArcIMS. ArcIMS Web site directory The directory that stores the files that make up the ArcIMS Internet GIS application and other files. It is the directory specified as the Working Directory during the installation process. The default location for Windows is C:ArcIMS. The default location for UNIX is home. ArcIMSFolders. sez A serialization file containing ArcIMS folders and any submitted MapNotes and EditNotes. It is stored in the ArcIMS AppServer directory. This file replaces the EsriMapCookies. ser file used in ArcIMS 3.1. ArcIMSSite. sez A serialization file created in the ArcIMS AppServer directory that saves site parameters, including which services are running and which servers are started. This file replaces the EsriMapCatalog. ser file used in ArcIMS 3.1. ArcInfo interchange file A file format, also known as an export file, used to enable a coverage, grid or TIN and an associated INFO table to be transferred between different machines which are not connected by any type of file sharing network. ArcInfo interchange files have a. E00 extension, which increments to. E01. E02, and so on, if the interchange file is composed of several separate files. ArcInfo workspace A file-based collection of coverages, grids, TINs, or shapefiles stored as a directory of folders in the file system. ArcMap Server A public ArcIMS virtual server that allows an ArcGIS user to create maps in ArcMap, rather than ArcIMS Author or ArcIMS Manager, and publish them on the Internet. The ArcMap server is an optional extension to ArcIMS. arc-node topology The data structure in a coverage used to represent linear features and polygon boundaries and to support analysis functions, such as network tracing. Nodes represent the beginning and ending vertices of each arc. Arcs that share a node are connected, and polygons are defined by a series of connected arcs. An arc that intersects another arc is split into two arcs. Each arc that defines all or part of a polygon boundary records the number of the polygon to its left and to its right, giving it a direction of travel. ArcObjects A library of software components that make up the foundation of ArcGIS. ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Engine, and ArcGIS Server are all built using the ArcObjects libraries. Technology for managing geographic information in a relational database management system (RDBMS). ArcSDE is part of the ArcGIS platform, and is the data server between ArcGIS and relational databases. It is widely used to enable geographic information to be shared by many users across a network and to scale in size from personal, to workgroup, to enterprise use. ArcSDE administrative user The user who administers ArcSDE geodatabases. The ArcSDE administrative user can be the SDE user, but for DBO-schema ArcSDE geodatabases in SQL Server it is any user whose login is mapped to DBO in the database, and for user-schema geodatabases in Oracle, the ArcSDE administrative user is the user in whose schema the geodatabase is stored. ArcSDE client application An application or program that communicates with ArcSDE to query, store and manage spatial data. Examples include ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Server, and ArcIMS. ArcSDE database server In ArcCatalog, an instance of SQL Server Express used to store ArcSDE geodatabases. ArcSDE geodatabase A geodatabase stored in an RDBMS served to client applications using ArcSDE technology. An ArcSDE geodatabase can support long transactions and versioned workflows, be used as a workspace for geoprocessing tasks, and provide the benefits of a relational database such as security, scalability, backup and recovery, and SQL access. ArcSDE Personal Edition geodatabase A single-user ArcSDE geodatabase that is created on Microsoft SQL Server Express. ArcSDE system tables A collection of tables that store metadata about user tables in a geodatabase managed using ArcSDE technology. ArcSDE system tables are owned by an ArcSDE administrative user. ArcSDE Workgroup Edition geodatabase A Microsoft SQL Server Express database that uses ArcSDE technology to store, query, and modify spatial data. Workgroup geodatabases accept up to 10 non-Web client connections and unlimited Web client connections to the SQL Server Express instance and are licensed through ArcGIS Server Workgroup edition. ArcToolbox A user interface in ArcGIS used for accessing, organizing, and managing a collection of geoprocessing tools, models, and scripts. ArcToolbox Window A dockable window used to display, manage, and use the contents of toolboxes in ArcGIS. It provides a shortcut to frequently used tools contained within toolboxes that may be stored in folders or geodatabases on disk. ArcView project In ArcView 3, a file for creating and storing documents for GIS work. All activity in ArcView 3 takes place within project files, which use five types of documents to organize information: views, tables, charts, layouts, and Avenue scripts. A project file organizes its documents and stores their unique settings in an ASCII format file with the extension. apr. ArcView project file In ArcView 3, a file for creating and storing documents for GIS work. All activity in ArcView 3 takes place within project files, which use five types of documents to organize information: views, tables, charts, layouts, and Avenue scripts. A project file organizes its documents and stores their unique settings in an ASCII format file with the extension. apr. ArcWeb Explorer The client-side API of ArcWeb Services. It is based on Adobe Flex, a cross-platform development framework for creating rich Internet applications. Developers can use the ArcWeb Explorer Flex API, the JavaScript to Flex Bridge, or the JavaScript API to create their own applications. ltSPANgt ArcWeb Explorer is sometimes used to refer to the customizable demo application. ArcWeb Mobile Toolkit A J2ME-based toolkit for building mobile applications that use ArcWeb Services. ArcWeb Services ESRI-hosted Web services that include map data and on-demand geospatial capabilities needed to add real-time locations, addresses, points of interest, dynamic maps, and routing directions to Web and wireless applications. ArcWeb Services account A Web site for accessing information about an ArcWeb account. This site allows users to activate an ArcWeb Services account, view usage of ArcWeb services, manage POI and address records, and manage groups and alerts. ArcWeb site An ESRI Web site for building custom services, using applications, and learning about ArcWeb Services. Acronym for Arc Extensible Markup Language . A file format that provides a structured method for communication between all ArcIMS components. ArcXML defines content for services and is used for requests and responses between clients, the business logic tier, and servers. A metric areal unit of measure equal to 100 square meters. One are is equal to 1,076.39 square feet, or 0.025 acres. A closed, two-dimensional shape defined by its boundary or by a contiguous set of raster cells. area chart A chart that emphasizes the difference between two or more groups of data for example, the changes in a population from one year to the next. The area of interest is usually shaded in a solid color. area of adjustment In Survey Analyst - Cadastral Editor, a continuous set of parcels that have been selected for adjustment by least-squares. area of interest The extent used to define a focus area for either a map or database production. areal scale The ratio or relationship between a distance or area on a map and the corresponding distance or area on the ground, commonly expressed as a fraction or ratio. A map scale of 1100,000 or 1:100,000 means that one unit of measure on the map equals 100,000 of the same unit on the earth. In computing, a value or expression passed to a function, command, or program. arithmetic expression A number, variable, function, or combination of these, with operators or parentheses, or both, that can be evaluated to produce a single number. arithmetic function A type of mathematical function that performs a calculation on the values of cells in an input raster. There are six arithmetic functions in ArcGIS Spatial Analyst: Abs, Int, Float, Round up (Ceil), Round down (Floor) and Negate. arithmetic operator The symbolic representation of a process or operation performed against one or more operands in an expression, such as (plus, or addition) and gt (greater than). When evaluated, operators return a value as their result. If multiple operators appear in an expression, they are evaluated in order of their operator precedence. In computing, a fundamental data structure consisting of a variable with multiple, sequentially indexed, cells that can each store a value of the same type. Each cell of the array acts as a variable, and the cells are referenced by an index value for each array dimension. One-dimensional arrays, called vectors, and two-dimensional arrays, called matrices, are most common, but arrays may have more dimensions. artificial neural network A computer architecture modeled after the human brain and designed to solve problems that human brains solve well, such as recognizing patterns and making predictions from past performance. Neural networks are composed of interconnected computer processors that calculate a number of weighted inputs to generate an output. For example, an output might be the approval or rejection of a credit application. This output would be based on several inputs, including the applicants income, current debt, and credit history. Some of these inputs would count more than others cumulatively, they would be compared to a threshold value that separates approvals from rejections. Neural networks learn to generate better outputs by adjusting the weights and thresholds applied to their inputs. ascending node The point at which a satellite traveling south to north crosses the equator. Acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange . The de facto standard for the format of text files in computers and on the Internet that assigns a 7-bit binary number to each alphanumeric or special character. ASCII defines 128 possible characters. Acronym for Active Server Pages . A Microsoft server-side scripting technology that can be used to create and run dynamic, interactive Web applications, which are typically coded in JScript, JavaScript or VBScript. An ASP file contains not only the text and HTML tags that standard Web documents contain, but also commands written in a scripting language, which can be carried out on the server or the client. A Microsoft-created programming framework built on top of the common language runtime (CLR) that can be used on a Windows server to create Web applications in a variety of programming languages. aspatial data Data without inherently spatial qualities, such as attributes. aspatial query A request for records of features in a table based on their attribute values. The compass direction that a topographic slope faces, usually measured in degrees from north. Aspect can be generated from continuous elevation surfaces. For example, the aspect recorded for a TIN face is the steepest downslope direction of the face, and the aspect of a cell in a raster is the steepest downslope direction of a plane defined by the cell and its eight surrounding neighbors. aspect ratio The ratio of the width of an image to its height. The aspect ratio of a standard computer monitor is 4:3 (rectangular). A package of software and its associated resources. For example, an ArcGIS Win32 assembly will typically include executables, DLLs, object libraries, registry files, and help files for a unit of software. assignment operator A type of operator that assigns the result of an expression to an output, usually a raster, for storage. associated feature class In Survey Analyst - Cadastral Editor, a feature class that uses the cadastral fabric as a basemap, and has been associated with cadastral fabric. Associated feature classes can be corrected to maintain alignment with cadastral fabric parcels after least-squares adjustments of the cadastral fabric. association In UML, the relationship between two classes. In an association, instances of the classes in question usually exist together, but can exist on their own. assumed bearing A bearing measured from an arbitrarily chosen reference line called an assumed meridian. An instrument that measures the vertical angle between a celestial body and the horizontal plane at an observers position. The astrolabe was replaced by the sextant in the fifteenth century for navigation, but modern versions are still used to determine local time and latitude. asynchronous Not synchronous that is, not occurring together or at the same time. asynchronous request In programming, a set of actions or events that may occur simultaneously. For example a program that launches another program, then continues execution while the other program is still running is said to be asynchronous. Acronym for Active Template Library . A set of C template classes, developed by Microsoft for use in building Windows COM objects. A collection of maps usually related to a particular area or theme and presented together. Examples of atlases include world atlases, historical atlases, and biodiversity atlases. atlas grid A grid of numbered rows and lettered columns (or vice versa) superimposed on a map, used to find and identify features. Alphanumeric grids are commonly used as a reference system on local street maps. atmospheric window Parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be transmitted through the atmosphere with relatively little interference. atomic clock A clock that keeps time by the radiation frequency associated with a particular atomic reaction. Atomic clocks are used in official timekeeping. attenuation The dimming and blurring effects in remotely sensed images caused by the absorption and scattering of light or other radiation that passes through the earths atmosphere. attractiveness A measure of the combined attributes of a center or site that are considered positive features or that draw in potential customers or tenants. Nonspatial information about a geographic feature in a GIS, usually stored in a table and linked to the feature by a unique identifier. For example, attributes of a river might include its name, length, and sediment load at a gauging station. attribute data Tabular or textual data describing the geographic characteristics of features. attribute domain In a geodatabase, a mechanism for enforcing data integrity. Attribute domains define what values are allowed in a field in a feature class or nonspatial attribute table. If the features or nonspatial objects have been grouped into subtypes, different attribute domains can be assigned to each of the subtypes. attribute key An attribute or set of attributes in a database that uniquely identifies each record. A primary key allows no duplicate values and cannot be null. attribute query A request for records of features in a table based on their attribute values. attribute table A database or tabular file containing information about a set of geographic features, usually arranged so that each row represents a feature and each column represents one feature attribute. In raster datasets, each row of an attribute table corresponds to a certain zone of cells having the same value. In a GIS, attribute tables are often joined or related to spatial data layers, and the attribute values they contain can be used to find, query, and symbolize features or raster cells. attributes dialog box In ArcMap, a dialog box that displays attributes of selected features for editing. attribution The process of assigning attributes to features. authalic projection A projection in which the whole of the map as well as each part has the same proportional area as the corresponding part of the earth. An equal-area projection may distort shape, angle, scale, or any combination thereof. No flat map can be both equal-area and conformal. authentication The process of validating the identity of a user who logs on to a computer system, network, or Web site. Authentication Web Service A SOAP ArcWeb service used to validate access to ArcWeb Services. authorization Completion of the software registration process. During authorization, the single-use or server product andor extensions have been installed and registered, and an authorization file has been generated through the appropriate registration wizard and sent to the software user. authorization file A file that contains single use or server product authorization data. Each authorization file contains information regarding the feature name, version number, time-out date, registration number, and authorization code. autocorrelation The correlation or similarity of values, generally values that are nearby in a dataset. Temporal data is said to exhibit serial autocorrelation when values measured close together in time are more similar than values measured far apart in time. Spatial data is said to exhibit spatial autocorrelation when values measured nearby in space are more similar than values measured farther away from each other. automated cartography The process of making maps using computer systems that carry out many of the tasks associated with map production. automated digitizing The creation of vector data from raster data through automated tracing of pixels that are in close proximity and of the same or similar value. automated feature extraction The identification of geographic features and their outlines in remote-sensing imagery through postprocessing technology that enhances feature definition, often by increasing feature-to-background contrast or using pattern recognition software. automated mappingfacilities management GIS or CAD-based systems used by utilities and public works organizations for storing, manipulating, and mapping facility information such as the location of geographically dispersed assets. automated text placement An operation in which text is automatically placed on or next to features on a digital map by a software application according to rules set by the software user. automation The automatic functioning of a machine, system, or process, without the need for human interaction. automation scale The scale at which nondigital data is made digital for example, a map digitized at a scale of 1:24,000 has an automation scale of 1:24,000. The data can be rendered at different display scales. autovectorization The creation of vector data from raster data through automated tracing of pixels that are in close proximity and of the same or similar value. availability The degree of ease with which a dataset or other object may be found or obtained. The object-oriented programming language on which ArcView 3.x is based. Avenue provides tools for customizing ArcView 3.x and developing ArcView 3.x applications. average point spacing The average distance separating sample points in a point dataset. A terrain dataset uses the average point spacing of a dataset to define a horizontal tiling system into which to divide input source measurements. Acronym for Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer . A scanner flown on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar-orbiting satellites for measuring visible and infrared radiation reflected from vegetation, cloud cover, shorelines, water, snow, and ice. AVHRR data is often used for weather prediction and vegetation mapping. ESRI-hosted Web services that include map data and on-demand geospatial capabilities needed to add real-time locations, addresses, points of interest, dynamic maps, and routing directions to Web and wireless applications. The client-side API of ArcWeb Services. It is based on Adobe Flex, a cross-platform development framework for creating rich Internet applications. Developers can use the ArcWeb Explorer Flex API, the JavaScript to Flex Bridge, or the JavaScript API to create their own applications. ArcWeb Explorer is sometimes used to refer to the customizable demo application. A Java-based toolkit for accessing SOAP Web services. Axis is developed by The Apache Software Foundation. A line along which measurements are made in order to determine the coordinates of a location. The horizontal angle, measured in degrees, between a baseline drawn from a center point and another line drawn from the same point. Normally, the baseline points true north and the angle is measured clockwise from the baseline. azimuthal projection A map projection that transforms points from a spheroid or sphere onto a tangent or secant plane. The azimuthal projection is also known as a planar or zenithal projection.

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